Federal and state programs — including WIOA, Trade Adjustment Assistance, and union training trusts — can fund retraining after a job loss. This lesson covers what is available, who qualifies, and how to access it.
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“The mistake I see is people thinking retraining means going back to school for two years with no income. That's not what it has to be. Sometimes it's an eight-week course that gets you a certification your employer was going to require anyway. Sometimes it's an upgrade through the training trust that bumps you to a higher wage rate when you get back on the tools. Find out what's available before you decide it's not for you.”
On why workers should ask about training options before assuming retraining is impractical
A job loss sometimes opens a question that was already there: Is this the work I want to keep doing? Can I advance in my field with additional credentials? Is there a related trade or role that would suit me better?
Retraining after a job loss is not just for workers who want to change careers entirely. It is also for workers who want to move into supervisory roles, add certifications that increase their wages, qualify for a related license, or enter an adjacent trade where demand is higher.
For workers who do want to make a significant change — moving from one industry to a different one — training programs can fund that transition. But the most effective retraining decisions start with where you already are: your existing skills, your physical capabilities, what the local labor market actually needs, and what kind of work you want to do for the next chapter of your working life.
This lesson covers the main programs that can pay for training. Not all of them will apply to your situation, but knowing they exist is the first step.
WIOA is the primary federal law that funds workforce development services in the United States. It is what funds most American Job Centers and, for eligible workers, can fund individual retraining through an Individual Training Account (ITA).
What WIOA can fund: Tuition and fees at approved training providers — community colleges, vocational schools, registered apprenticeship programs, and certified training programs. ITAs are not unlimited; they have spending caps that vary by state and local workforce board, but they can cover a meaningful portion or all of a retraining program.
Who qualifies: WIOA Title I Adult and Dislocated Worker programs serve unemployed adults and workers who have lost jobs due to layoff. A "dislocated worker" in WIOA terms includes workers laid off from jobs they had held for a substantial period, workers whose plant or employer has closed, and workers unlikely to return to their previous occupation or industry.
How to access it: Through your American Job Center. A case manager will assess your eligibility, discuss your employment goals, identify approved training providers, and connect you to funding. This process takes time — starting early matters.
Approved training providers: WIOA funding can only go to programs on the state's Eligible Training Provider List (ETPL). Before choosing a training program, verify it is on the state list. Your Job Center case manager can help with this.
WIOA also funds support services: transportation assistance, childcare, and other supportive services that help workers complete training are sometimes available through WIOA. Ask your case manager what support services are available in your area.
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is a federal program specifically for workers whose jobs were lost or affected by increased imports or shifts in production to other countries.
TAA provides significantly more support than standard WIOA services, including: up to 130 weeks of retraining funding (far beyond standard WIOA limits), extended income support through Trade Readjustment Allowances (TRA) that supplements unemployment benefits during training, job search allowances, relocation allowances, and health coverage tax credits.
Who qualifies: Workers at a company that was certified as trade-impacted by the U.S. Department of Labor. The certification process starts with a petition — filed by the employer, union, or workers themselves — to the DOL. If a group of workers at your company has already been certified, you may automatically be eligible.
How to find out: Your state workforce agency can tell you whether your employer's layoff has been certified for TAA. You can also search the TAA petitions database at the Department of Labor's website. If your layoff involved a manufacturing facility, a company that competes with imports, or a company that moved work to another country, ask about TAA specifically.
TAA and WIOA can work together: in some cases, a worker can receive both TAA retraining funding and WIOA services simultaneously. Your case manager can explain how the programs coordinate in your state.
Many unions — particularly in the building and construction trades, manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation — operate joint apprenticeship and training programs funded through negotiated contributions from employers. These are often called training trusts or joint apprenticeship training committees (JATCs).
These programs are not the same as public WIOA-funded programs. They are funded by collective bargaining agreements and exist specifically to develop and maintain skills within the trade.
What union training trusts typically offer:
Apprenticeship programs: Registered apprenticeships that combine on-the-job learning with classroom instruction, leading to journeyman status. If you have not completed your apprenticeship, a layoff may be an opportunity to re-enter and complete it.
Journeyman upgrade training: Short-term courses for already-credentialed workers to add skills, certifications, or code compliance updates. OSHA refresher training, new equipment certifications, and code change training are common examples.
Industry certifications: Many training trusts are affiliated with industry credentialing bodies. Workers can earn certifications (AWS welding, NIMS machining, NCCER credentials, etc.) through the trust at reduced or no cost to the member.
Safety training: OSHA 10, OSHA 30, first aid/CPR, fall protection, hazardous materials handling, and other safety credentials that increase employability and wage rates.
How to access: Contact your local union or the JATC affiliated with your trade. For building trades, your local business agent can direct you to the training trust. For other union workers, the international union's website typically lists affiliated training resources.
Note on timing: Some training trust programs prioritize active apprentices. If you are laid off, confirm your enrollment status and ask how to maintain it during the layoff period.
Community colleges and vocational schools remain one of the most practical and accessible pathways for workers seeking new credentials. They offer certificate programs, associate degrees, and continuing education courses in a wide range of fields — many of them designed specifically for working adults who need a credential, not a four-year degree.
For trade workers considering adjacent credentials: welding, HVAC, electrical, plumbing, automotive technology, CNC machining, industrial maintenance, and similar programs are available at most community colleges and can often be completed in six to eighteen months.
For workers considering a different field: healthcare, information technology, logistics management, and skilled construction supervision are fields where community college credentials lead directly to employment in most labor markets.
Cost and funding: Community college programs are significantly less expensive than four-year universities. They are also commonly approved training providers on state ETPL lists, meaning WIOA funding can cover them. TAA retraining funding can also be used at community colleges. If you are eligible for either program, a community college certificate may cost you little or nothing out of pocket.
Pell Grants are also available to eligible students regardless of employment status and can reduce tuition costs further. Talk to the financial aid office at the community college to understand what is available.
Enrollment considerations: many programs have specific start dates, waitlists, and prerequisite requirements. Starting the process early — including getting WIOA or TAA funding lined up before enrollment — avoids delays.
Registered apprenticeship programs — formally recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor — combine paid on-the-job training with related technical instruction. They lead to industry-recognized credentials and, in most cases, journeyman wages upon completion.
Apprenticeship is not just for young workers entering a trade. Some programs accept workers at any age. Workers who already have related experience sometimes qualify to enter at an advanced standing, shortening the time to completion.
Finding registered apprenticeship programs: the DOL's Apprenticeship.gov database lists programs by occupation and location. Your American Job Center can also provide information about local apprenticeship programs.
For union-affiliated apprenticeships: contact the JATC for your trade directly. Many building trades locals — IBEW, UA, IUPAT, Carpenters, Boilermakers, Ironworkers, Operating Engineers, and others — operate active apprenticeship programs. Acceptance may be competitive and typically requires meeting physical and aptitude requirements.
For non-union apprenticeships: many industries operate apprenticeship programs outside of union structures, including healthcare, information technology, advanced manufacturing, and transportation. These can be found through Apprenticeship.gov and through Job Center referrals.
Apprenticeship wages: apprentices typically earn between 50% and 90% of journeyman wages depending on the program and progression level, with wages increasing as they advance. This distinguishes apprenticeship from unpaid training — you earn while you learn.
Scenario: A 38-year-old structural welder was laid off when a fabrication shop closed. He had 15 years of experience and was a certified welder in multiple processes, but he had never moved into inspection or quality roles. He contacted his union training trust, which covered his preparation course and exam fees for the Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) credential.
Outcome: The CWI credential took four months to prepare for and pass. It qualified him for inspection and quality control positions that paid significantly more than shop floor welding. He was hired as a quality supervisor at a pipeline contractor within six weeks of receiving the credential.
Lesson learned: A short-cycle credential built on existing skills — rather than a complete career change — opened a higher-paying path. The training trust covered the cost, and the credential took months, not years.
Choosing a training program before checking whether it is WIOA-approved
Why this happens: WIOA funding can only go to programs on the state's Eligible Training Provider List. Enrolling in a program that is not on the list before funding is secured means paying out of pocket or losing eligibility for reimbursement.
Better approach: Work with your Job Center case manager to identify programs that are already on the approved list before making any enrollment decisions.
Assuming there is no union training available because the local is slow
Why this happens: Training trusts and JATCs operate independently of work availability. Some programs specifically offer upgrade training during slow periods, when members have time to complete coursework.
Better approach: Contact your JATC directly, separate from the hiring hall, and ask specifically what programs are available to laid-off members.
Assuming retraining means going back to school full-time for two or four years
Why this happens: Many high-value credentials in trade and technical fields can be earned in weeks to months, not years. Workers who assume they cannot retrain because they cannot afford a long program miss shorter, more targeted options.
Better approach: Ask your Job Center case manager and union training trust what certifications or credentials can be earned in under six months. Short-cycle credentials often produce immediate employment gains.
What does Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) provide that standard WIOA training accounts do not?
A union member is laid off and wants to use the union training trust for upgrade training. Who should she contact first?
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